CELL PHONE BASED ELECTRONIC VOTING MACHINE
India is world’s largest democracy. Fundamental right to vote
or simply voting in elections forms the basis of Indian democracy. In India all
earlier elections a voter used to cast his vote by using ballot paper. This is
a long, time-consuming process and very much prone to errors.
This situation continued till election scene was completely
changed by electronic voting machine. No more ballot paper, ballot boxes,
stamping, etc. all this condensed into a simple box called ballot unit of the
electronic voting machine.
Cell phone based voting machine is capable of saving
considerable printing stationery and transport of large volumes of electoral
material. It is easy to transport, store, and maintain. It completely rules out
the chance of invalid votes. It use results in reduction of polling time,
resulting in fewer problems in electoral preparations, law and order,
candidates' expenditure, etc. and easy and accurate counting without any
mischief at the counting centre.
This cell phone based voting machine consists of
microcontroller ATMEL AT89S51, a DTMF decoder CM8870C, a memory storage device
EEPROM. DTMF is sent to the microcontroller which is decoded by CM8870C and the
password is fed with the candidate number. The EEPROM is used to store the
memory in case of power failure. This project is based on assembly language
programming.
The aim of this project is to design & develop a mobile
based voting machine. In this project user can dial the specific number from
any land line or mobile phone to cast his vote. Once the user is connected to
the voting machine he can enter his password & choice of vote. If he has
entered a valid choice & password his vote will be caste with two short
duration beeps. For invalid password/choice long beep will be generated. User
is allotted 15 seconds to enter his password & choice. A reset button is
provided for resetting the system. A total key is provided to display the
result.
This also use a non-volatile memory for storing all data.
EEPROM will preserve all information in case of power failure.In this project all information is transmitted through DTMF
tones. The major block & their functions are described in details below.
Block Diagram
MICRO-CONTROLLER
AT89S51
The AT89S51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit
microcontroller with 4K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The
device is manufactured using Atmel‟s high-density non-volatile memory
technology and is compatible with the industry- standard 80C51 instruction set
and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed
in-system or by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer. By combining a
versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the
Atmel AT89S51 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible
and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.
The AT89S51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes
of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers,
two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a
full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition,
the AT89S51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency
and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops
the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt
system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but
freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next external
interrupt or hardware reset.
DTMF DECODER
In DTMF decoder circuit we use IC 8870. IC 8870 converts the
dual tones to corresponding binary outputs. The CAMD CM8870/70C provides full
DTMF receiver capability by integrating both the band-split filter and digital
decoder functions into a single 18-pin DIP, SOIC, or 20-pin PLCC package. The
CM8870/70C is manufactured using state-of-the-art CMOS process technology for
low power consumption (35mW, MAX) and precise data handling. The filter section
uses a switched capacitor technique for both high and low group filters and
dial tone rejection. The CM8870/70C decoder uses digital counting techniques
for the detection and decoding of all 16 DTMF tone pairs into a 4-bit code.
This device contains input protection against damage due to high static
voltages or electric fields; however, precautions should be taken to avoid application
of voltages higher than the maximum rating.
DTMF SIGNALLING
AC register signaling is used in DTMF telephones, here tones
rather than make/break pulse are used for dialing, each dialed digit is
uniquely represented by a pair of sine waves tones. These tones (one from low
group for row and another from high group for column) are sent to the exchange
when a digit is dialed by pushing the key, these tone lies within the speech
band of 300 to 3400 HZ, and are chosen so as to minimize the possibility of any
valid frequency pair existing in normal speech simultaneously. Actually, this
minimisator is made possible by forming pairs with one tone from the higher
group and the other from the lower of frequencies. A valid DTMF signal is the
sum of two tones, one from a lower group ( 697-940 Hz) and the other from a
higher group ( 1209-1663 Hz). Each group contains four individual tones. This
scheme allows 10 unique combinations. Ten of these code represent digits 1
through 9 and 0. . tones in DTMF dialing are so chose that none of the tones is
harmonic of are other tone. Therefore is no change of distortion caused by
harmonics. Each tone is sent as along as the key remains pressed. The DTMF
signal contains only one component from each of the high and low group. This
significantly simplifies decoding because the composite DTMF signal may be
separated with band pass filters into single frequency components, each of
which may be handled individually.
ATMEL 24C16
The AT24C01A/02/04/08/16 provides 1024/2048/4096/8192/16384
bits of serial electrically erasable and programmable read-only memory (EEPROM)
organized as 128/256/512/1024/2048 words of 8 bits each. The device is
optimized for use in many industrial and commercial applications where
low-power and low-voltage operation are essential. The AT24C01A/02/04/08/16 is
available in space-saving 8-pin PDIP, 8-lead JEDEC SOIC, 8-lead MAP and 8-lead
TSSOP packages and is accessed via a 2-wire serial interface.
LCD DISPLAY
This is the first interfacing example for the Parallel Port.
We will start with something simple. This example doesn't use the
Bi-directional feature found on newer ports, thus it should work with most, if
not all Parallel Ports. These LCD Modules are very common these days, and are
quite simple to work with, as all the logic required to run them is on board.
POWER SUPPLY
This section describes how to generate +5V DC power supply
The power supply section is the important one. It should deliver
constant output regulated power supply for successful working of the project. A
0-12V/1 mA transformer is used for this purpose. The primary of this
transformer is connected in to main supply through on/off switch& fuse for
protecting from overload and short circuit protection. The secondary is
connected to the diodes to convert 12V AC to 12V DC voltage. And filtered by
the capacitors, which is further regulated to +5v, by using IC 7805
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
APPLICATIONS
1. Fast
track voting which could be used in small scale elections, like resident
welfare association, “panchayat” level election and other society level
elections.
2. It
could also be used to conduct opinion polls during annual share holders
meeting.
3. It
could also be used to conduct general assembly elections where number of
candidates are less than or equal to eight in the current situation.
4. It
is used in various TV serials as for public opinion.
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