Saturday, 30 June 2012

IEEE Project Topics For Final Year Engineering Students


  • Authentication schemes for mobile devices
  • Investigating correlation-based fingerprint
  • Adaptive filtering system
  • Microcontroller based automation mini project
  • Microcontroller based automation major project
  • Simulation & synthesis of digital fm receiver
  • Simulation & Synthesis of AES algorithm
  • Security integrated system based on wireless access protocol
  • Parking Gate Using Infrared
  • Implementation of multi-channel UART on FIFO technique & FPGA
  • I2C based automated periodic bell
  • Finger Print Based ATM and locker system
  • Automatic Railway Gate Control System
  • Analyses of VOIP services using vex DO Revision System
  • A Formal Framework for Automated Round trip Software
  • Hierarchical Grouping of Different Web Transactions
  • Effective Querying In Highly Correlated Network
  • Increasing Scalability of the Database Using Heuristic Method
  • Ranked Reverse nearest Neighbor Search
  • Trends In Multi Attribute Transaction Data
  • C Trend: Temporal Cluster Graphs For Identifying and Visualization
  • Truth Discovery with Multiple Conflicting Information Providers on the Web
  • Hiding Sensitive Association Rules with Limited Side Effects
  • Ieee transaction on data mining
  • Walking robot
  • Hydraulic robotic arm
  • Auto grass cutter
  • Robotic crane with up/down & circular motion
  • Solar sun seeker
  • Electricity from speed braker
  • Wind electricity
  • Hydro electricity
  • Paddle controlled washing machine
  • Auto brake system for automobile
  • Auto jack machine
  • Auto rejection + conveyer belt system
  • Automatic railway crossing gate controller
  • Multilevel car parking lift using MCU
  • Path finder mobile robot
  • Escalator lift using pc & MCU
  • Lift control using pc and MCU
  • Digital speed measurement system for automobile
  • Automated walking robot
  • Line follower or tracing robot
  • Hydraulic jack machine
  • Hydraulic lift
  • Location Based Routing for Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks
  • Reverse Engineering of Executable Programs
  • Blocking Artifacts Suppression
  • Honey Pots: Intrusion Detection System
  • Modified JPEG Huffman Coding
  • Image Transfer Protocol for Internet
  • Personal Identification based on Iris Texture Analysis
  • Switching and Traffic Grooming in WDM Networks
  • Link Layer Support for Streaming MPEG Video over Wireless Links
  • TCP Vegas-like Algorithm for Layered Multicast Transmission
  • Efficient Iris Recognition by Characterizing Key Local Variations
  • Efficient Phrase-based Document Indexing for Web Document Clustering
  • High-Performance Motion-based Handwritten Signature Recognition
  • Multiple Description Coding of Images and Video
  • Domain-Based Multiple Description Coding of Images and Video Domain-Based
  • Fault-Tolerant Distributed Channel Allocation
  • Yarn Fabrication Defect Analysis System using Image Processing
  • Maximal Frequent Itemset Mining using Support Vectors
  • Optimized Distributed Association Rule Mining
  • Time-Scaled Proxy Server
  • Projective Clustering by Histograms
  • Robustness Testing of Java Server Applications
  • Identification of Humans using Gait
  • Noise Reduction by Fuzzy Image Filtering
  • Data Hiding in Binary Image for Authentication and Annotation
  • Detection and Removal of Cracks in Digitized Paintings
  • Online Handwritten Script Recognition
  • Enhanced Elliptic Curve Cryptography and Analysis
  • Association Rule Hiding
  • Foveation Scalable Video Coding
  • Intrusion Detection in Wireless Sensor Networks using Emotional Ants
  • Efficient Frequency Domain Selective Scrambling of Digital Video
  • An Integrated Congestion Management Architecture for Internet Hosts
  • Software Project Management Information System
  • Color Image Indexing Using Binary Truncation Coding
  • Remote system for patient monitoring using Bluetooth
  • Usage of Bluetooth TM in wireless sensors for tele-healthcare
  • Home appliance control system over Bluetooth with a cellular phone
  • Coupling between Bluetooth modules inside a passenger car
  • Remote Controlled Bluetooth Enabled Environment
  • Bluetooth Remote Control
  • Bluetooth Based Wireless Remote Device Controlling and Data Acquisition
  • A mobile web grid based physiological signal monitoring system
  • Optimized Autonomous Space In-situ Sensor-Web for Volcano Monitoring
  • Smart companion [contextual communication services]
  • Unified Architecture for Large Scale Attested Metering
  • Get on Digital Bus to Substation Automation
  • Automatic Power Meter Reading System using GSM Network
  • An Integrated Architecture for Demand response Communications & Control
  • Design of integrated meter reading system based on power-line communication
  • Street lighting control based on Lon Works power line communication
  • A survey of communication network paradigms for substation automation
  • Non intrusive Load Monitoring and Diagnostics in Power Systems
  • Design of integrated meter reading system based on power-line communication
  • Virtual Bulletin Board
  • Sales and Distribution System
  • Online PC Rental System
  • Online VRS Vehicle Reservation System
  • Online Order Processing System
  • Online Lab management and Results display System
  • Project Management Solutions
  • Online Issue Tracking System
  • Online Executive Time and Activity Management System
  • Online Buy and Sell with secure transactions
  • Human Resources Management System
  • HRMS Online Distributed
  • Information System HRIS
  • Integrated Human Resources
  • Guest Tracker and Hospitality Management System
  • Integrated Financial Accounting System
  • Employee Profile Management System
  • E-Sales Order Processing
  • Dynamic College Web Portal
  • Distributed Information and Reporting System
  • Distributed Database System Design & Implementation for Online Shopping
  • Distributed Channel Management System
  • Dealings Process Manager
  • Dealership Management System Dealers Information &
  • Child Care Information System
  • Online Call centre Management Implementation
  • Bug Tracker Comprehensive Bug Tracking & Change Management
  • ECommerce Implementation with Cart for BC
  • Automated Faults Tracking System
  • Automated Employee Information System

Wednesday, 27 June 2012

Remote Controlled Audio Processor Project



These days most audio systems come with remote controllers. However, no such facility is provided for normal audio amplifiers. Such audio controllers are not available even in kit form. This article presents an infrared (IR) remote-controlled digital audio processor. It is based on a microcontroller and can be used with any NEC-compatible fullfunction IR remote control. This audio processor has enhanced features and can be easily customised to meet individual requirements as it is programmable. Its main features are: 1. Full remote control using any NEC-compatible IR remote control handset. 2. Provision for four stereo input channels and one stereo output. 3. Individual gain control for each input channel to handle different sources 4. Bass, midrange, treble, mute and attenuation control 5. 80-step control for volume and 15-step control for bass, midrange and treble 6. Settings displayed on two 7-segment light-emitting diode (LED) displays and eight individual LEDs 7. Stereo VU level indication on 10-LED bar display 8. Full-function keys on-board for audio amplifier control 9. All settings stored on the EEPROM 10. Standby mode for amplifier power control Circuit description
BLODK DIAGRAM FOR REMOTE CONTROLLED DIGITAL AUDIO PROCESSOR

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR REMOTE CONTROLLED DIGITAL AUDIO PROCESSOR



CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION OF REMOTE-CONTROLLED DIGITAL AUDIO PROCESSOR
Fig. 1 shows the block diagram of the remote-controlled digital audio processor. The system comprises Atmel’s AT89C51 microcontroller (IC1),
TDA7439 audio processor from SGSThomson (IC4) and I2C bus compatible MC24C02 EEPROM (IC5). The microcontroller chip is programmed to control all the digital processes of the
system. The audio processor controls all the audio amplifier functions and is compatible with I2C bus. All the commands from the remote control are received through the IR sensor. The audio amplifier can also be
controlled using the on-board keys.
Microcontroller
the function of the microcontroller is to receive commands (through port P3.2) from the remote handset, program audio controls as per the commands and update the EEPROM. A delay in updating the EEPROM is de-liberately provided because normally the listener will change the value of a
parameter continuously until he is satisfied. The 40-pin AT89C51 microcontrollerhas four 8-bit input/output (I/O) ports. Port 0 is used for indicating through LEDs the various functions selected via the remote/on-board keys. Port 1 drives the 7-segment display using 7-segment latch/decoder/driver IC CD4543. Port 2 is pulled up via resistor network RNW1 and used for manual key control. Pins P3.0 and P3.1 of the microcontroller are used as serial data (SDA) and serial clock (SCL) lines for the I2C bus for communicating with the audio processor (TDA7439) and EEPROM (MC24C02). These two lines are connected to pull-up resistors, which are required for I2C bus devices. P3.2 receives the remote commands through the IR receiver module. Pin P3.4 is used for flashing LED9 whenever a remote command is received or any key is pressed. The microcontroller also checks the functioning of the memory (MC24C02) and the audio processor (TDA7439). If it is not communicating with these two ICs on the I2C bus, it flashes the volume level on the 7-segment displays. Memory. IC MC24C02 is an I2C-bus compatible 2k-bit EEPROM organised as 256×8-bit that can retain data for more than ten years. Various parameters can be stored in it. To obviate the loss of latest settings in the case of power failure, the microcontroller stores all the audio settings of the user in the EEPROM. The memory ensures that the microcontroller will read the last saved settings from the EEPROM when power resumes. Using SCL and SDA lines, the microcontroller can read and write data for all the parameters. For more details on I2C bus and memory interface, please refer to the MC24C02 datasheet. Audio parameters can be set using the remote control handset or the on-board keys as per the details given under the ‘remote control’ section. Audio processor. IC TDA7439 is a single-chip I2C-bus compatible audio controller that is used to control all the functions of the audio amplifier. The output from any (up to four) stereo preamplifier is fed to the audio processor (TDA7439). The microcontroller can control volume, treble, bass, attenuation, gain and other functions of each channel separately. All these parameters are programmed by the microcontroller using SCL and SDA lines, which it shares with the memory IC and the audio processor. Data transmission from the microcontroller to the audio processor (IC TDA7439) and the memory (MC24C02) and vice versa takes place through the two-wire I2C-bus interface consisting of SDA and SCL, which are connected to P3.0 (RXD) and P3.1 (TXD) of the microcontroller, respectively. Here, the microcontroller unit acts as the master and the audio processor and the memory act as slave devices. Any of these three devices can act as the transmitter or the receiver under the control of the master. Some of the conditions to communicate through the I2C bus are:
1. Data validity: The data on the SDA line must be stable during the high period of the clock. The high andlow states of the data line can change only when the clock signal on the SCL line is low.
2. Start and Stop: A start condition is a high-to-low transition of the SDA line while SCL is high. The stop condition is a low-to-high transition of the SDA line while SCL is high.
3. Byte format: Every byte transferred on the SDA line must contain eight bits. The most significant bit (MSB) is transferred first.
4. Acknowledge: Each byte must be followed by an acknowledgement bit. The acknowledge clock pulse is generated by the master. The transmitter releases the SDA line (high) during the acknowledge clock pulse. The receiver must pull down the SDA line during the acknowledge clock pulse so that it remains low during the high period of this clock pulse. To program any of the parameters, the following interface protocol is used for sending the data from the microcontroller to TDA7439. The interface protocol comprises:
1. A start condition (S)
2. A chip address byte containing the TDA7439 address (88H) followed by an acknowledgement bit (ACK)
3. A sub-address byte followed by an ACK. The first four bits (LSB) of this byte indicate the function selected (e.g., input select, bass, treble and volume). The fifth bit indicates incremental/ non-incremental bus (1/0) and the sixth, seventh and eighth bits are ‘don’t care’ bits.
4. A sequence of data followed by an ACK. The data pertains to the value for the selected function.
5. A stop condition (P) In the case of non-incremental bus, the data bytes correspond only to the function selected. If the fifth bit is high, the sub-address is automatically incremented with each data byte. This mode is useful for initialising the device. For actual values of data bytes for each function, refer to the datasheet of TDA7439. Similar protocol is followed for sending data to/from the microcontroller to MC24C02 EEPROM by using its chip address as ‘A0H’. Power supply. Fig. 3 shows the power supply circuit for the remotecontrolled digital audio processor. The AC mains is stepped down by transformer X1 to deliver a secondary outputof 9V AC at 1A. The transformer output is rectified by full-wave bridge rectifier BR1 and filtered by capacitor C42. Regulators IC8 and IC9 provide regulated 5V and 9V power supplies, respectively. IC10 acts as the variable power supplyregulator. It is set to provide 3V regulated supply by adjusting preset VR1. Capacitors C39, C40 and C41 bypass any ripple in the regula ted outputs.This supply is not used in the circuit. However, the readers can use the same for powering devices like a Walkman. As capacitors above 10 μF are connected to the outputs of regulator ICs, diodes D3 through D5 provide protection to the regulator ICs, respectively, in case their inputs short to ground. Relay RL1 is normally energised to provide mains to the power amplifier. In standby mode, it is de-energised. Switch S2 is the ‘on’/‘off’ switch.
Software
The software was assembled using Metalink’s ASM51 assembler, which is freely available for download. The source code has been extensively commented for easier understanding. It can be divided into the following segments in the order of listing:
1. Variable and constant definitions
2. Delay routines
3. IR decoding routines
4. Keyboard routines
5. TDA7439 communication
6. MC24C02 communication
7. I2C bus routines
8. Display routines
9. IR and key command processing
10. Timer 1 interrupt handler
11. Main program On reset, the microcontroller executes the main program as follows:
1. Initialise the microcontroller’s registers and random-access memory (RAM) locations.
2. Read Standby and Mute status from the EEPROM and initialise TDA7439 accordingly.
3. Read various audio parameters from the EEPROM and initialise the audio processor.
4. Initialise the display and LED port.
5. Loop infinitely as follows, waiting for events:
• Enable the interrupts.
• Check the monitor input for AC power-off. If the power goes off, jump to the power-off sequence routine.
• Else, if a new key is pressed, call the DO_KEY routine to process the key. For this, check whether the NEW_KEY bit is set. This bit is cleared after the command is processed.
• Else, if a new IR command is received, call the DO_COM routine to process the remote command. For this, check whether the NEW_COM (new IR command available) bit is set. This bit is cleared after the command is processed.
• Jump to the beginning of the loop.6. Power-off sequence. Save all the settings to the EEPROM, and turn off the display and standby relay. Since the output of the IR sensor is connected to pin 12 (INT0) of the microcontroller, an external interrupt occurs whenever a code is received. The algorithm for decoding the IR stream is completely implemented in the ‘external interrupt 0’ handler routine. This routine sets NEW_COM (02H in bit memory) if a new command is available. The decoded command byte is stored in ‘Command’ (location 021H in the internal RAM). The main routine checks for NEW_COM bit continuously in a loop. Timer 0 is exclusively used by this routine to determine the pulse timings. Decoding the IR stream involves the following steps:
1. Since every code is transmitted twice, reject the first by introducing a delay of 85 milliseconds (ms) and start timer 0. The second transmission is detected by checking for no-overflow timer 0. In all other cases, timer 0 will overflow.
2. For second transmission, check the timer 0 count to determine the length of the leader pulse (9 ms). If the pulse length is between 8.1 ms and 9.7 ms, it will be recognised as valid. Skip the following 4.5ms silence.
3. To detect the incoming bits, timer 0 is configured to use the strobe signal such that the counter runs between the interval periods of bits. The value of the counter is then used to determine whether the incoming bit is ‘0’, ‘1’ or ‘Stop.’ This is implemented in the RECEIVE_BIT routine.
4. If the first bit received is ‘Stop,’ repeat the last command by setting the NEW_COM bit.
5. Else, receive the rest seven bits.Compare the received byte with the custom code (C_Code). If these don’t match, return error.
6. Receive the next byte and compare with the custom code. If these don’t match, return error.
7. Receive the next byte and store in ‘Command.’
8. Receive the next byte and check whether it is complement value of ‘Command.’ Else, return error.
9. Receive ‘Stop’ bit.
10. Set NEW_COM and return from interrupt.
Other parts of the source code are relatively straightforward and self-explanatory. Remote control. The micro-controller can accept commands from any IR remote that uses NEC transmission format. These remote controllers are readily available in the market and use μPD6121, PT2221 or a compatible IC. Here, we’ve used Creative’s remote handset. All the functions of the system can be controlled fully using the remote or the on-board keys. By default, the display shows the volume setting and LEDs indicate the channel selected. LED9 glows momentarily whenever a command from the remote is received or any key is pressed. Function adjustments are detailed below:
1. Volume: Use Vol+/Vol- key to increase/decrease the volume. The volume settings are shown on the twodigit, 7-segment display. Steps can be varied between ‘1’ and ‘80.’
2. Mute and Standby: Using ‘Mute’ and ‘Standby’ buttons, you can toggle the mute and standby status, respectively. If ‘Mute’ is pressed, the display will show ‘00.’ In ‘Standby’ mode, the relay de-energises to switch off the main amplifier. All the LEDs and displays, except LED9, turn off to indicate the standby status.
3. Input Select: To select the audio input source, press ‘Channel’ key until the desired channel is selected. The LED corresponding to the selected channel turns on and the input gain setting for that channel is displayed for five seconds. Thereafter, the volume level is displayed on the 7-segment display.
4. Input Gain set: Press ‘Gain’ key. The LED corresponding to the channel will start blinking and the gain value is displayed. Use Vol+/Vol- key to increase/ decrease the gain for that channel. Note that the gain can be varied from ‘1’ to ‘15.’ If you press ‘Gain’ key once more, and no key is pressed for five seconds, it will exit the gain setting mode and the volume level is displayed.
5. Audio: Press ‘Audio Set’ (Menu) key to adjust bass, middle, treble and attenuation one by one. Each time ‘Audio Set’ key is pressed, the LED corresponding to the selected function turns on and the function value is displayed. Once the required function is selected, use Vol+ and Vol- to adjust the setting. Bass, middle and treble can be varied from ‘07’ to ‘7.’ Values ‘0’ through ‘7’ indicate ‘Boost’ and ‘00’ through ‘07’ indicate ‘Cut.’ Attenuation can be varied from ‘0’ to ‘40.’

COMPONENTS REQUIRED FOR REMOTE CONTROLLED DIGITAL AUDIO PROCESSOR

Semiconductors:
IC1 - AT89C51 microcontroller
IC2, IC3 - CD4543 7-segment decoder/
driver
IC4 - TDA7439 audio processor
IC5 - MC24C02 I2C EEPROM
IC6 - KA2281 2-channel level
meter driver
IC7 - TSOP1238 IR receiver
module
IC8 - 7809 9V regulator
IC9 - 7805 5V regulator
IC10 - LM317 variable regulator
T1 - BC558 pnp transistor
T2, T3, T5 - BC547 npn transistor
T4 - BD139 pnp transistor
BR1 - W04M bridge rectifier
D1-D6 - 1N4004 rectifier diode
DIS1, DIS2 - LTS543 7-segment display
DIS3 - 10-LED bargraph display
LED1-LED8 - Red LED
LED9 - Green LED
Resistors (all ¼-watt, ±5% carbon):
R1 - 8.2-kilo-ohm
R2-R24,
R40-R49 - 1-kilo-ohm
R25, R28,
R50, R53 - 10-kilo-ohm
R26, R29,
R30, R34 - 2.7-kilo-ohm
R27 - 100-ohm
R31, R35 - 5.6-kilo-ohm
R32, R33 - 4.7-kilo-ohm
R36-R39 - 22-kilo-ohm
R51 - 220-kilo-ohm
R52 - 2.2-kilo-ohm
Capacitors:
C1, C2 - 33pF ceramic disk
C3, C10 - 10μF, 16V electrolytic
C4-C6,
C39-C41 - 100nF ceramic disk
C7 - 4.7μF, 16V electrolytic
C8, C9 - 2.2μF, 16V electrolytic
C11, C20 - 5.6nF polyester
C12, C19 - 18nF polyester
C13, C18 - 22nF polyester
C14, C17 - 100nF polyester
C21-C28 - 0.47μF polyester
C29-C32 - 4.7μF, 25V electrolytic
C33, C34 - 10μF, 25V electrolytic
C35 - 1000μF, 25V electrolytic
C36 - 4700μF, 25V electrolytic
C37, C38 - 0.33μF ceramic disk
C42 - 470μF, 25V electrolytic
Miscellaneous:
X1 - 230V AC primary to 12V, 1A
secondary transformer
RL1 - 9V, 160Ω, 2 C/O relay
XTAL - 12MHz crystal
S1- S7 - Push-to-on switch
S8 - On/Off switch
Remote - Creative’s remote (NECcompatible
format)


CONSTRUCTION
The circuit can be easily assembled on any PCB with IC base. Before you install the microcontroller, memory and audio processor in their sockets and solder the IR receiver module, make sure that the supply voltage is correct. All parts, except the audio processor (TDA7439), require 5V DC supply. The audio processor is powered by 9V DC.


Source : Electronics For You Magazine
Note: If u need the software of this project ,  post your request in comments... 
 

Thursday, 21 June 2012

MINI PROJECT TITLES FOR FINAL YEAR ENGINEERING STUTENDS



Virtual wireless dancing bells for classical dancers. 

Touchscreen based temperature monitoring and control system with graphical LCD. 

Location driven car music player. (Plays devotional songs near temples, shuts at home etc.) 

GPS based asset/vehicle/animal/child tracking system. 

Microcontroller and Touchscreen based wireless library book catalog system. 

Touchscreen based Nurse/attendant calling system for physically impaired. 

Graphical LCD and Memory stick (MMC/SD card) based textbook reading system. 

Mobile phone controlled four-legged walking robot with speed and direction control. 

GPS based universal clock. Gets the time from satellites and displays on GLCD. 

Microcontroller based online examination system with dynamic questions. 

Digital vehicle speedometer with password enabled speed limit setting.

GPS based vehicle travel location-logging system. 

GSM based digital Notice board with display on Monitor or LCD display. 

PIR based energy conservation system for corporate Computers and lighting system. 

Remote control of critical software applications with mobile phone. 

Microcontroller based dual Lithium-ion battery charger with automated charge and discharge cycles. 

Virtual distance measuring tape with Graphical LCD.

Radio Frequency wireless remote controlled digital camera with high power LED based focusing light.

Wireless Speedo meter for boat/ship with speed and location limit alerts. 

GPS based travel assistant for blind people. 

Touch Screen based digital devices control system. 

GSM Mobile phone controlled intelligent Robot. 

Automatic Intelligent Plant Watering System. 

DC Motor Speed and direction control over GSM Mobile/Modem. 

Mobile phone controlled Street Light monitoring and control system. 

UPS battery monitoring system over GSM for high availability systems (banking/finance/medical etc). 

Touchscreen controlled lamp dimmer for next generation apartments. 

Soil Moisture sensor based intelligent irrigation water pump controlling system with GSM technology. 

DTMF mobile phone controlled dam water gates controlling system with high-level protection. 

DC Motor Speed and direction control using RF/IR/Zigbee technologies. 

Hazardous chemical valve control system with stepper motor and line of site remote control. 

Contact less Motor speed monitoring on Graphical display with high and low speed alerts.

Liquid dispensing system with adjustable quantity for industrial use. 

Password enabled pre-paid liquid/milk dispensing system. 

Wireless Energy Meter monitoring system with automatic tariff calculation. 

Data logger for energy meter with time and KWH readings. Very useful for historical data logging and analysis. 

High voltage fuse blown indicator with Voice based announcement system. 

Voice enabled devices switching for visually impaired. 

RF transceiver (Zigbee/X-Bee) based energy meter monitoring system. (Energy Meter reading on PC over wireless comm.) 

GSM based SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) implementation. 

SCADA system design and construction for real-time electrical parameter monitoring and control. 

Timer based Electrical Oven temperature monitoring and control for Metal Industries. 

Timer based automatic power cutoff for industrial sealing/packaging machines.

GPS & GSM Based Car Security System. 

GPS & GSM Based Realtime Vehicle Tracking System.

Microcontroller driven GPS Clock (GPS+Microcontroller+LCD) 

GSM/Mobile/Cell Phone Based Device Monitoring and Control Ststem.

GSM Based Home Security System.
GSM Based Automatic Irrigation Water Controller System.

Automatic Intelligent Plant Watering System (Microcontroller + Rain Sensor) 

Wireless Stepper Motor Controller (Radio Rx/Tx + Stepper Motor + Microcontroller) 

IR Remote Stepper Motor Controller. Control stepper motor usnig TV remote. (IR Remote + Stepper Motor + Microcontroller) 

RC5 IR Based Remote Device Switching (IR Remote + Microcontroller + Device Relays)
Digital Tachometer (Non-contact)

Digital Frequency Meter (Microcontroller Board + Sensors + LCD) 

Digital Voltmeter (Microcontroller Board + Sensors + LCD) 

Real-time SCADA (Microcontroller Board + Sensors + PC Software) 

Electrical Data(voltage,current,frequency etc..) Logger (SCADA) (Microcontroller Board + Sensors + MMC/SD Memory + PC Sortware) 

Digital Multimeter (Microcontroller Board + Sensors + LCD)

Friday, 15 June 2012

AUTOMATIC NIGHT LAMP WITH MORNING ALARM


ABSTRACT:
Automatic Night Lamp with Morning Alarm System is a simple yet powerful concept, which uses transistor as a switch. By using this system manual works are 100% removed. It automatically switches ON lights when the sunlight goes below the visible region of our eyes. This is done by a sensor called Light Dependant Resistor (LDR) which senses the light actually like our eyes. It automatically switches OFF lights whenever the sunlight comes, visible to our eyes and activates the morning alarm. By using this system energy consumption  is also reduced because nowadays the manually operated street lights are not  switched off even the sunlight comes and also switched on earlier before sunset. In this project, no need of manual operation like ON time and OFF time setting. LDR and transistor are the main components of the project. The resistance of light dependant resistor (LDR) varies according to the light falling on it. This LDR is connected as biasing resistor of the transistor. According to the light falls on the LDR, the transistor is operated in saturation and cut off region. This transistor switches the relay to switch on / off the light. This project uses regulated 12V, 750mA power supply. 7812 three terminal voltage regulator is used for voltage regulation. Bridge type full wave rectifier is used to rectify the ac out put of secondary of 230/18V step down transformer.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

S.NO
COMPONENTS
RANGE/TYPE
QUANTITY
1
IC
IC 7806,IC NE555,UM66
1,1,1
2
Transistor
BC 548
2
3
LDR
-
2
4
Diode
IN4007,IN4001,Zener diode(3.3V,0.5W)
4,2
5
Resistor
1K,150K,120K,220Ω,580Ω,560Ω
2,2,1,1,1,1
6
Capacitor
1000µF,0.01µF
1,2
7
LED
white
1
8
Transformer
230/18V
1
9
Power supply
230V  ac,50Hz
1
10
Battery
9V
1
11
Loudspeaker
-
1

















COMPONENT DETAILS:

555 TIMER:
The 555 Timer IC is available as an 8-pin metal can, an 8-pin mini DIP (dual-in-package) or a 14-pin DIP.


This IC consists of 23 transistors, 2 diodes and 16 resistors. The explanation of terminals coming out of the 555 timer IC is as follows. The pin number used in the following discussion refers to the 8-pin DIP and 8-pin metal can packages.
UM 66 :
It is the simplest melody generator circuit you can make using an IC.The  UM66 series are CMOS IC’s  designed for using in calling bell, phone and toys. It has a built in ROM programmed for playing music. The device has very low power consumption.The melody will be available at pin3 of UM66 and here it is amplified by using Q1 to drive the speaker.


IC 7806:
7806 is a 3-terminal positive voltage regulator designed with built in internal current limiting, thermal shutdown and safe-area compensation for maximum flexibility and safety .

With adequate heat sinking provided, USM 7806 can deliver up to 1.5A output current. USM 7806 can be used as fixed voltage regulator in a wide range of applications where local voltage regulation is preferred for elimination of noise and distribution problems associated with single-point regulation. USM 7806 can also be used (by adding external components) to obtain adjustable output voltages and currents.
ZENER DIODE:
A Zener diode is a type of diode that permits current not only in theforwarddirection like a normal diode, but also in the reverse direction if the voltage ilarger than the breakdown voltage known as "Zener knee voltage" or "Zenervoltage". The device was named after Clarence Zener, who discoverethis electrical property

BC548:

 The exact specs of a given device depend on the manufacturer. It is important to check the datasheet for the exact device and brand you are dealing with. Philips and Telefunken are two manufacturers of the BC548.











CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

CIRCUIT EXPLANATION:z
This circuit automatically turns on a night lamp when bedroom light is switched off. The lamp remains ‘on’ until the light sensor senses daylight in the morning. A super-bright white LED is used as the night lamp. It gives bright and cool light in the room. When the sensor detects the daylight in the morning, a melodious morning alarm sounds.

The circuit is powered from a standard 0-9V transformer. Diodes D1 through D4 rectify the AC voltage and the resulting DC voltage is smoothed by C1. Regulator IC 7806 gives regulated 6V DC to the circuit. A battery backup is provided to power the circuit when mains fails. When mains supply is available, the 9V rechargeable battery charges via diode D5 and resistor R1 with a reasonably constant current. In the event of mains failure, the battery automatically takes up the load without any delay. Diode D5 prevents the battery from discharging backwards following the mains failure and diode D6 provides current path from thebattery. The circuit utilises light-dependant resistors (LDRs) for sensing darkness and light in the room.

 The resistance of LDR is very high in darkness, which reduces to minimum when LDR is fully illuminated. LDR1 detects darkness, while LDR2 detects light in the morning. The circuit is designed around the popular timer IC NE555 (IC2), which is configured as a monostable. IC2 is activated by a low pulse applied to its trigger pin 2. Once triggered, output pin 3 of IC2 goes high and remains in that position until IC2 is triggered again at its pin 2. When LDR1 is illuminated with ambient light in the room, its resistance remains low, which keeps trigger pin 2 of IC2 at a positive potential. As a result, output pin 3 of IC2 goes low and the white LED remains off. As the illumination of LDR1’s sensitive window reduces, the resistance of the device increases. In total darkness, the specified LDR has a resistance in excess of 280 kiloohms. When the resistance of LDR1 increases, a short pulse is applied to trigger pin 2 of IC2 via resistor R2 (150 kiloohms). This activates the monostable and its output goes high, causing the white LED to glow.

Low-value capacitor C2 maintains the monostable for continuous operation, eliminating the timer effect. By increasing the value of C2, the ‘on’ time of the white  LED can be adjusted to a predetermined time. LDR2 and associated components generate the morning alarm at dawn. LDR2 detects the ambient light in the room at sunrise and its resistance gradually falls and transistor T1 starts conducting. When T1 conducts, melody-generator IC UM66 (IC3) gets supply voltage from the emitter of T1 and it starts producing the melody. The musical tone generated by IC3 is amplified by single-transistor amplifier T2. Resistor R7 limits the current to IC3 and zener diode ZD limits the voltage to a safer level of 3.3 volts. The circuit can be easily assembled on a general-purpose PCB. Enclose it in a good-quality plastic case with provisions for LDR and LED. Use a reflective holder for white LED to get a spotlight effect for reading. Place LDRs away from the white LED, preferably on the backside of the case, to avoid unnecessary illumination. The speaker should be small so as to make the gadget compact.

ADVANTAGES: 
Highly sensitive
      Works according to the light intensity
        Fit and Forget system
   Low cost and reliable circuit
           Complete elimination of manpower
           Can handle heavy loads up to 7A
          System can be switched into manual mode whenever required
APPLICATIONS
  Bed Rooms
          Hostels and Hotels
          Balcony / stair case / parking Lightings
          Street lights
          Garden Lights

CONCLUSION:
        Thus the working of the automatic night lamp with morning alarm was explained in detail.

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